The main thing to consider in the feed problem is that the feed meets the criteria of "four of five perfectly healthy". Feed must contain the elements of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. If all elements are met and the numbers are sufficient then the health of pet birds that can be maintained. Furthermore, the expected impact of the melodious chirping of birds have, beautiful coat, and a lively behavior.
A. Important elements in bird feed
1. Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate is an element in the feed that serves as a source of energy, fat burning, reduce the oxidation of proteins into energy, and maintain normal function of the digestive tools. Carbohydrate levels in the body of the bird is 2%, while the bird is a good feed containing 70% carbohydrate, which is found in papaya, peanuts, green beans, soy beans, and bananas.
2. Protein
Protein is a substance the body builder; can replace tissues worn or damaged; as raw material pcmbentukan enzymes, hormones, antibodies and substances; and regulate the circulation of body fluids and substances dissolved in it into and out of cells.
Lack of protein causes the birds to be thin, feather damage, stunted, cannibalism, depressed, reluctant to sing, and often behave themselves pluck his feathers. Birds chirp requires 35% of their body weight proteins. These proteins can be obtained among others from fish, milk, worms, peanuts, beans, green beans, soy beans.
3. Fat
Fat is an energy source, metabolic water channels, insulator (body temperature), as a cushion or protective parts of the body, as well as a carrier for vitamin A, D, E, and K. If the birds eat too much fat the bird is likely to diarrhea or fat. Though cendcrung lazy fat bird chirping and breeding.
4. Vitamins and amino acids
Vitamins serve to assist the establishment and maintenance of epithelial tissue cells, accelerate metabolism, forming connective tissue, help bone formation, and helps in blood formation.
The main vitamins and amino acids required among other birds are A, D3, E, B1, B2, B3 (Nicotimanide) B6, B12, C and K3; Substances essential as DL Methionine, I-Lysine HCl, Folic Acid (real is one form of Vitamin B) and Ca-D Pantothenate.
5. Mineral
Minerals are forming in-organic in the entire universe. Yes, the living body is formed from minerals. And minerals also help chemical and electrical processes that occur inside the living body. Chemical processes and electric will only function correctly when given an appropriate balance of minerals in the system. Such as iron to the blood, sulfur for muscles, calcium for bones, and many others who generally provide smooth functional living bodies.
Minerals needed for bone formation and blood, body fluid balance, healthy nerve function, cardiovascular system function, and others. Such as vitamins, minerals function as co-enzymes, enabling the body perform functions such as producing energy, growth and healing. Although vitamins are so important, vitamins can not do anything for a creature to live without minerals. Unfortunately the living body can produce some vitamins, but can not produce a single mineral.
Minerals are necessary birds include Calcium, Phosphorous, Iron, Manganase, Iodine, Cuprum, Zinccum, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium chlorine.
If the bird adequacy of minerals, then the birds will have feathers strong, smooth, shiny after molting or alias ngurak moult; not affected by rachitis (soft bones, crooked and abnormal); free paralysa (lame); free perosis (heel swelling); children hatched birds healthy birds do not have Achilles tendon (tendon); not independent joint, not divorced (luxatio); half did not miss, no shortage of blood so pale and weak; birds in captivity may soon lay eggs, eggs containing, high productivity, hatchability high and low embryo mortality.
B. Appropriate amount of feed
The amount of feed given to birds to make ends meet, but not excessive. Sufficient quantities can usually be estimated based on observation and daily experience in domestic birds. Feed given twice daily, morning and afternoon. On the morning are usually more numerous than the feed given during the day because the birds are more active early morning meal. Every day the feed should be replaced with new ones, especially when the feed in the form of fruit because the fruit can cause stale birds become ill.
The amount of feed eaten by a bird in a day depends on the following factors:
1. Weight of birds
Weight loss ranged from hummingbird bird that weighs about 10 g to ostrich weighs about 100 kg. Land birds weighing 100-1000 g can eat as much as 5-9% of body weight a day, while the birds are chirping berbo-bot can eat as much as 10-90 g 10-30% of body weight per day.
2. Type of feed
This type of feed also affects the amount of feed eaten by birds. Seed-eating birds, for example, can eat per day scbanyak 10% of their body weight. While insectivorous birds can eat as much as 40% of their body weight. This happens because the insects contain more water than grain.
3. Age of birds
Age of birds also affect the amount of feed eaten by a bird in a day. Adult birds will eat the feed approximately 10-40% of their body weight, while the young birds can eat as much as his own body weight in a day.
4. The body's metabolic rate
Small-sized birds, such as honey-sucking birds and bird glasses, has a value greater metabolism than large-sized birds such as poksai, starlings, or cassowary. Thus, these small birds also require a greater amount of feed than large birds.
The amount of feed given is also associated with an area of the cage where the bird lives. If a small bird cage occupies the feed given less than the feed given to birds that occupy a larger cage. This is understandable because in a small cage birds released energy is relatively small when compared with birds that occupy the large cage.
In addition to the factors already mentioned, birds also have taste to a type of feed. This phenomenon is referred to as palatability. Symptoms of this palatability depends on several factors: wildlife is concerned, his favorite food, feed given conditions (in a state of fresh or stale), and the opportunity to choose another feed.
Research shows that the feed of the most favored by insectivorous birds are wet Kroto, then caterpillar hongkong, followed by papaya, and the last or least favorite feed birds is fine Kroto.
C. Various Types of Bird Feed
Feeding birds can be either animal feed and vegetable feed.
1. Animal
Animal feed for the birds, among others, Kroto, insects and various kinds of caterpillars, worms, fish, meat, eggs, chicken / other poultry, and milk.
a. Kroto
Kroto is rangrang ant larvae or ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) are much favored by insectivorous birds, like starlings, finches, parrots, and poksai. By type, Kroto Kroto divided into wet, Kroto smooth, rough Kroto, and Kroto nuts.
1) Kroto Kroto wet is the most widely favored by the birds as well as fishing bait. Kroto this type merupa the ant eggs and larvae that are still new rangrang to have the highest water content (78.72%) so easy to rot. If no preservation, Kroto wet age may only last a day. Kroto wet should be stored in the refrigerator and wrapped first with paper so the water is absorbed Kerta. In this condition Kroto wet can last up to three days. Among the various types of Kroto, wet Kroto has the best nutrients, especially protein, which is 47.80%.
2) Kroto subtle form of worker ants of small and large. Without preservation, this type of Kroto can hold for a week. Among the various types of Kroto, Kroto fine is the type most disliked birds.
3) Kroto rough form of the parent ant queens and male ants. Kroto types can also hold a week.
4) a mixture of peanut Kroto Kroto three types, namely wet Kroto, Kroto smooth and rough Kroto, coupled with other types of feed, such as beans, corn, rice, bran, voer, and glutinous rice. Kroto can hold in a week, without preservation. Among other types of Kroto, Kroto nuts have the highest fat content (17.07%).
b. Insects and worms
Many insectivorous birds are chirping, other than fruits as feed enhancements. Insects are sold on the market is jangkerik (Gryllus mitratus), while the caterpillars form hongkong caterpillars, worms and caterpillars bamboo cage.
Caterpillars hongkong (Tenebrio mollitor) including one of the favorite type of bird feed. Various species of birds are very menggemarinya. In addition to all kinds of insectivorous birds, caterpillars are also favored by hawks, egrets, rajaudang, and parrot. In contrast to Kroto, type of feed can already be cultivated so that any time is available on the market.
Bamboo caterpillars (Erionota thrax) are usually sold in packs of bamboo tube. In contrast to hongkong caterpillar, caterpillar has a thinner skin and soft so that the content of chitin in it is also less. With conditions like this then the caterpillar body has a better nutritional value for birds, especially for children bird, which was still sensitive digestive system.
Note: Before you are given to the birds, caterpillars hongkong should not be fed like voer but give feed with carrot or papaya. The goal is to reduce the fat content. If given voer, hongkong caterpillar actually gained weight because of carbohydrates in the form of stacked layers of fat under the skin. Sometimes this is referred to as an attempt to reduce the risk of caterpillar hongkong be the cause of cataracts. But it was a wrong assumption, because there is no relationship between caterpillar hongkong and cataracts in birds.
c. Fish
Fish is one type of bird feed, especially for fish-eating bird species (piscivora) such as egrets, herons, blekok, ra-. jaudang, and sea eagles. The usual types of fish are fish mujahir in living conditions.
d. Meat
Feeding of meat is usually consumed by birds of prey (predator) and meat eaters (carnivores). Meat can be derived from various animals such as cows, rabbits, chickens, ducks manila, and white mice. While predators are owls, eagles, hornbills, cassowaries, and crows. Meat may be presented in the form of small pieces or in the form of life, such as chicks (DOC) and mice (mice) for owls and hawks.
e. Milk
This type of feed is generally given to children from families of birds pigeons (Columbidae) and half bent (Psittacidae) such as parrots and cockatoos. Although he was an adult, sometimes bu 'bird-bird is still like milk. All types of milk can be given to birds, but the best is a low-fat milk.
f. Egg chicken / other poultry
Chickens or other fowl eggs are boiled can also be given to feed the birds, especially birds chicks.
g. Worms (See the discussion of worm under).
2. Vegetable
Feeding vegetable can be vegetables, fruits, and grains.
a. Vegetable
Vegetables commonly given to birds, especially for tribal ornamental chicken (Phasianidae) such as chickens, peacocks, pheasants, and quail. Feed vegetables are also favored by ducks, parrots, and parakeets and canaries. The usual types of vegetables are bean sprouts (bean sprouts), kale, and carrots for the cockatoo.
b. Fruits
Almost all the birds love the fruits as the main feed or simply as an additional feed. Among the fruits that are available in the market, the fruit is much liked birds are papaya and bananas kepok is ripe. Fruit to feed should be a mature tree, do not mature because dikarbit. In addition, there are also other types of fruit favored by birds, such as Buni, cherry (cherry), greetings, banyan, and palms.
c. Cereals
Grains that can be given to birds such as fine grains and coarse grains.
1) fine grains: Grains of this type favored by the birds turtledoves, Australia gray parrots, and african parrot (lovebird). These include the type of feed grains are small and delicate, namely millet (Panicum sp. And Panisetum glaucum), barley (Panicum italian), canary seed (canary seed, Phallaris canariensis), black sticky rice, pellets (voer) 511.
2) Grains Grains are rough favored by the birds of the family (tribe) ornamental chicken (Phasianidae) as partridges (red and green), pheasants, peacocks, computers, and turtledoves. Coarse grains include grain size is rather large and coarse, such as dried corn, rice, red rice, green beans, pellets (voer) 521.
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D. Tips on feeding birds:
+ (1). The types of worms to feed the birds
Worm is currently used extensively by hobbyists birds to feed their pets. As we know, worms are the lower animals as invertebrates (invertebrates). In the context of the bird, then we will discuss the earthworms and their relatives are usually given to bird. Well its own earthworms class Oligochaeta includes the most important families of this class is Megascilicidae and Lumbricidae.
Okay, before talking more about the benefits of worms for the birds, it helps us talk a little about the worm itself.
Most types of worms that bred today comes from the family Lumbricidae Megascolicidae and with the genus Lumbricus, Eiseinia, Pheretima, Perionyx, Diplocardi and Lidrillus. And some popular types include Pheretima, Perionyx and Lumbricus. The three types of earthworms are like organic material derived from manure and plant debris.
1. Lumbricus. This worm shaped flat with a number of segments around 90-195 and klitelum located on segments 27-32. This species is often unable to compete with other species so that its body is smaller. However, when reared, her size could match or exceed any other kind.
2. Pheretima. These worms are segmented up to 95-150 segments. Klitelumnya lies in the segment to 14-16. His body was long and cylindrical shaped gilik purplish red. Earthworm species Pheretima which include, among others, red worms, worms and worm Koot necklace.
3. Perionyx. This Cacung gilik shaped dark purple to red-brown with a number of segments 75-165 and klitelumnya lies in segments 13 and 17. Perionyx including worms somewhat spoiled so that the maintenance required more serious attention.
Worm species Lumbricus rubellus have more advantages than the other two kinds above, because of high productivity (weight gain, egg production / worm puppies and former production "kascing") and sedentary
Some of the benefits of worms in the fields of agriculture, worms destroy organic matter which improves soil aeration and structure. As a result of land into fertile and nutrient uptake by plants to be good. The presence of earthworms will increase the population of beneficial microbes that plant. In addition, earthworms can be used as:
1. Feed Materials
Thanks to contain proteins, fats and minerals are high, earthworms can be used as animal feed such as poultry, fish, shrimp and frogs.
2. Raw material for medicine and healing ingredients of the disease.
Traditionally earthworms are believed to reduce fever, lowers blood pressure, curing bronchitis, rheumatic joints, toothache and typhoid.
3. Cosmetic Raw Materials
Worms can be processed for use as a skin moisturizer and lipstick-making raw material.
4. Human food
Worms is a potential source of protein for inclusion as a human food ingredient such as beef or chicken. Poultry feed ingredients and high protein derived from animals are usually quite expensive. Earthworms are one of the answers in the problem of scarcity of animal protein for poultry.
Protein content of worms from the results showed an earthworm has a fairly high protein content, which is about 72%, which can be categorized as pure protein. When compared with the kinds of foodstuffs of animal origin, such as those fish that are usually used in a mixture of poultry rations, have a protein content of crude protein ranged from 58-67% and snails with a protein content of 60.90%, still far lower than with earthworms .
Especially when compared with protein sources from plant material, such as soybean cake, coconut cake, etc., the average protein content is much lower than earthworms. Similarly, amino acid composition is very important for birds, such as arginine, tryptophan and tyrosine are largely lacking in the other feed materials, the high abortion earthworms. Arginine content of earthworms ranges from 10.7% tryptophan, 4.4% tyrosine, 2.25%.
Therefore, the earthworm has a good potential to replace fish meal in poultry rations and can save the use of materials from grains to 70%. Nevertheless, the use of earthworms in poultry rations is recommended no more than 20% of the total ration.
Seeing the protein content in these worms, the worms are good to give to birds. Bird whatever, as long as want to eat worms, may be given a worm.
During this time, birds are very like the worm is anis flower (AK) and red anise (PM). However, in practice, worms are also often given to other birds during the bird likes to eat it. It should be underlined that the worm's favorite birds, including the issue of "habits" that can be shaped or trained. That is, birds that are not fond of worms, can be trained to want little by little worms, especially the insect-eating birds and / or fruit. While the seed-eating birds, most do not like worms
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